We created this list of the thousand most common Russian words by performing a statistical analysis of a substantial collection of Russian texts, including mostly news articles.
We did our best to convert the words appearing in the texts into their dictionary forms before counting them and ranking them by frequency.
Russian is a Slavic language, so a majority of the most common words are of Slavic origin. Some of these are similar to words from other Slavic languages, such as Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian.
Among the most frequently used Russian words, there are also some loanwords from non-Slavic languages such as Latin, English, and French.
-
в
[preposition]
(at)
Definite and indefinite articles (such as the English words 'the', 'a', 'an') do not exist in the Russian language. As a result, the most frequent Russian words are prepositions and conjunctions.
-
и
[conjunction]
(and)
-
на
[preposition]
(on)
-
что
[conjunction]
(that)
-
не
[particle]
(not)
-
с
[preposition]
(with)
In Russian, like in most languages, the most frequently used words are generally short. Linguists call this phenomenon the “brevity law” or “Zipf's law of abbreviation”.
-
по
[preposition]
This is a very common Russian word that can have several possible translations depending on the context in which it is used. It can mean for instance “on”, “along”, “by”, etc.
-
год
[noun]
(year)
-
это
[pronoun]
(it, this)
Since the Russian language doesn’t have a definite or indefinite article, demonstrative pronouns such as “это” are frequently used.
-
из
[preposition]
(from)
-
этот
[determiner]
(this)
-
за
[preposition]
(behind)
-
как
[conjunction]
(how)
-
для
[preposition]
(for)
-
а
[conjunction]
(but)
-
к
[preposition]
(to)
-
о
[preposition]
(about)
-
свой
[pronoun]
(one's own)
-
от
[preposition]
(from)
-
но
[conjunction]
(but)
-
весь
[pronoun]
(the whole)
-
он
[pronoun]
(he)
In Russian, as in most languages, personal pronouns rank highly among the commonly used words. This particular one is the 3rd person masculine singular pronoun. The feminine form of this pronoun is “она”.
-
его
[pronoun]
(his)
The feminine form of this Russian possessive pronoun is “её”.
-
то
[pronoun]
(that)
This Russian word is a demonstrative pronoun.
-
человек
[noun]
(man)
-
мочь
[verb]
(can)
-
у
[preposition]
(at)
-
до
[preposition]
(before)
-
быть
[verb]
(to be)
This Russian verb is derived from the same source as the verbs “być” in Polish and “být” in Czech - these are all cognates.
-
новый
[adjective]
(new)
-
время
[noun]
(time)
-
тот
[determiner]
(that)
-
такой
[determiner]
(such)
-
мы
[pronoun]
(we)
-
также
[adverb]
(also)
-
стать
[verb]
(to become, to begin)
The Russian word “стать” comes from the same origin as the words “stać” in Polish and “stát” in Czech.
-
страна
[noun]
(country)
-
уже
[adverb]
(already)
-
так
[adverb]
(so)
-
я
[pronoun]
(I)
-
первый
[adjective]
(first)
-
при
[preposition]
(at)
-
только
[adverb]
(only)
-
их
[pronoun]
(their)
-
же
[particle]
-
во
[preposition]
(in)
-
или
[conjunction]
(or)
-
день
[noun]
(day)
-
если
[conjunction]
(if)
-
они
[pronoun]
(they)
-
компания
[noun]
(company)
-
после
[preposition]
(after)
-
которые
[pronoun]
(which)
-
работа
[noun]
(work)
This word is the root of the words “работник” (worker) and “разработка” (development), which are also in this vocabulary list.
-
президент
[noun]
(president)
-
наш
[pronoun]
(our)
-
более
[adverb]
(more)
-
чтобы
[conjunction]
(so that)
-
два
[numeral]
(two)
-
дело
[noun]
(business)
-
российский
[adjective]
(russian)
-
область
[noun]
(region)
-
сказать
[verb]
(to tell)
-
слово
[noun]
(word)
-
должный
[adjective]
(due, required, proper)
-
место
[noun]
(place)
-
вопрос
[noun]
(question)
-
город
[noun]
(city)
This word is the root of the “городской” (urban) which is also a common Russian term.
-
со
[preposition]
-
когда
[conjunction]
(when)
-
об
[preposition]
(about)
-
себя
[pronoun]
This Russian word is a reflexive pronoun. Depending on the context, it can mean “myself”, “yourself”, “itself”, etc..
-
который
[pronoun]
(which)
-
новость
[noun]
(news)
-
бы
[particle]
(would)
-
все
[pronoun]
(all)
-
получить
[verb]
(get)
-
регион
[noun]
(region)
-
можно
[predicative]
-
говорить
[verb]
(to speak, to talk)
-
под
[preposition]
(under)
-
она
[pronoun]
(she)
-
заявить
[verb]
(to declare)
-
сообщить
[verb]
(to report, to inform)
This vocabulary word can be useful when writing an email in Russian.
-
решение
[noun]
(solution)
-
тысяча
[noun]
(thousand)
-
кто
[pronoun]
(who)
-
отметить
[verb]
(to mark)
-
глава
[noun]
(head)
-
власть
[noun]
(power)
-
являться
[verb]
(to appear, to show up)
-
ребёнок
[noun]
(child)
-
какой
[pronoun]
(which)
-
очень
[adverb]
(very)
-
проект
[noun]
(project)
-
сегодня
[adverb]
(today)
-
результат
[noun]
(result)
-
мир
[noun]
(world)
This Russian word can mean both “word” and “peace”.
-
где
[adverb]
(where)
-
один
[numeral]
(one)
-
главный
[adjective]
(main)
-
раз
[noun]
(time)
The Russian word “раз” means “time” in the sense of counting occurrences: “два раза” means “two times”. This word has the same Slavic origin as the Polish word “raz”.
-
хороший
[adjective]
(good)
This adjective has an antonym, “плохой” (which means “bad”) that appears lower in this Russian vocabulary frequency list.
-
однако
[adverb]
(however)
-
том
[pronoun]
(volume)
-
даже
[adverb]
(even)
-
последний
[adjective]
(last)
-
сейчас
[adverb]
(now)
-
иметь
[verb]
(to have)
-
работать
[verb]
(to work)
-
принять
[verb]
(to accept)
-
рубль
[noun]
(ruble)
This is a frequently used Russian word because it refers to the Russian monetary currency.
-
дом
[noun]
(house)
-
служба
[noun]
(service)
-
центр
[noun]
(center)
-
представитель
[noun]
(representative)
-
несколько
[adverb]
(somewhat)
-
система
[noun]
(system)
-
суд
[noun]
(court)
-
рынок
[noun]
(market)
-
считать
[verb]
(to count)
-
министр
[noun]
(minister)
-
без
[preposition]
(without)
-
район
[noun]
(area)
-
пройти
[verb]
(to pass)
-
правительство
[noun]
(government)
The root of this word is the Russian verb “править” which means “to govern”.
-
второй
[adjective]
(second)
-
находиться
[verb]
(to be located)
-
каждый
[pronoun]
(each)
-
часть
[noun]
(part)
-
три
[numeral]
(three)
-
проблема
[noun]
(problem)
This Russian word comes from the Latin term “problema,” which is also the origin of the English word “problem.”
-
жизнь
[noun]
(life)
-
отношение
[noun]
(attitude)
-
сообщать
[verb]
(to inform)
-
сторона
[noun]
(side)
-
случай
[noun]
(case)
-
её
[pronoun]
(her)
-
добавить
[verb]
(to add)
-
программа
[noun]
(program)
-
нужный
[adjective]
(necessary)
-
сделать
[verb]
(to do)
-
ни
[particle]
-
число
[noun]
(number)
-
около
[preposition]
(near)
-
развитие
[noun]
(development)
-
организация
[noun]
(organization)
-
выбор
[noun]
(choice)
-
пресс
[noun]
(press)
-
чем
[conjunction]
(than)
-
между
[preposition]
(between)
-
государство
[noun]
(state)
-
цена
[noun]
(price)
-
больше
[adverb]
(more)
-
группа
[noun]
(group)
-
уровень
[noun]
(level)
-
банк
[noun]
(bank)
-
ли
[particle]
(whether)
-
информация
[noun]
(information)
This is another one of those Russian vocabulary words which originate from Latin. Here the original Latin term is “informatio”.
-
ситуация
[noun]
(situation)
-
пока
[adverb]
(for the present)
-
вы
[pronoun]
(you)
-
государственный
[adjective]
(state)
-
возможность
[noun]
(possibility)
-
право
[noun]
(right)
-
участие
[noun]
(participation)
-
международный
[adjective]
(international)
The root of this word is the Russian term “народный” (which means “national”) to which is added the prefix “между-” (which means “inter-”).
-
провести
[verb]
-
которая
[pronoun]
(which)
-
кроме
[preposition]
(besides)
-
через
[preposition]
(through)
-
хотеть
[verb]
(to want)
-
помощь
[noun]
(help)
-
территория
[noun]
(territory)
-
известный
[adjective]
(famous)
-
связь
[noun]
(connection)
-
миллион
[numeral]
(million)
-
сотрудник
[noun]
(collaborator, employee)
-
идти
[verb]
(to go)
-
партия
[noun]
(consignment)
-
управление
[noun]
(management)
-
команда
[noun]
(team)
-
высокий
[adjective]
(tall)
-
необходимый
[adjective]
(necessary)
The root of this word is the verb “обходить” (which means “to bypass”) to which the negative prefix “не-” is added.
-
средство
[noun]
(means)
-
закон
[noun]
(law)
-
деньга
[noun]
(money)
-
которых
[pronoun]
(which)
-
сила
[noun]
(strength)
-
начать
[verb]
(to begin)
-
доллар
[noun]
(dollar)
-
именно
[adverb]
(exactly)
-
больший
[adjective]
(bigger)
-
месяц
[noun]
(month)
The Russian word “месяц” is similar to the words “miesiąc” in Polish and “měsíc” in Czech. This is because these three words are cognates.
-
знать
[verb]
(to know)
-
поэтому
[adverb]
(that is why)
-
конец
[noun]
(end)
-
житель
[noun]
(inhabitant)
The root of this word is the verb “жить”
-
мнение
[noun]
(opinion)
-
общий
[adjective]
(general)
-
вот
[particle]
(here)
-
депутат
[noun]
(deputy)
-
смочь
[verb]
(to be able)
-
премьер
[noun]
(prime minister)
-
начало
[noun]
(start)
-
там
[adverb]
(there)
-
против
[preposition]
(against)
-
счёт
[noun]
(bill)
-
просто
[adverb]
(simply)
-
документ
[noun]
(document)
-
местный
[adjective]
(local)
-
ранее
[adverb]
-
предприятие
[noun]
(enterprise)
-
вид
[noun]
(view)
-
условие
[noun]
(condition)
-
игра
[noun]
(game)
This Russian word comes from the same origin as the words “gra” in Polish, “hra” in Czech and “ìgra” / “ѝгра” in Serbian. (see this language comparison of Serbian and Russian)
-
оказаться
[verb]
-
участник
[noun]
(participant)
-
произойти
[verb]
(to happen)
-
данным
[noun]
(data)
-
школа
[noun]
(school)
-
неделя
[noun]
(week)
The Russian word “неделя” is a noun that means “a week”. Interestingly, this word shares a common etymological origin with the Polish word “niedziela” and the Czech word “neděle”. However, while “неделя” refers to the period of seven days that constitutes a week, the Polish and Czech words refer specifically to “Sunday”.
-
национальный
[adjective]
(national)
-
рассказать
[verb]
(to tell)
-
гражданин
[noun]
(citizen)
-
крупный
[adjective]
(coarse)
-
совет
[noun]
(advice)
-
важный
[adjective]
(important)
-
акция
[noun]
(stock)
-
республика
[noun]
(republic)
-
большой
[adjective]
(big)
-
теперь
[adverb]
(now)
-
комментарий
[noun]
(comment)
-
лицо
[noun]
(face)
-
политический
[adjective]
(political)
-
матч
[noun]
(match)
-
здесь
[adverb]
(here)
-
сайт
[noun]
(website)
-
составить
[verb]
(to compose)
-
состояться
[verb]
(to take place)
-
лишь
[adverb]
(only)
-
прошлый
[adjective]
(last)
-
качество
[noun]
(quality)
-
некоторый
[pronoun]
(some)
-
решить
[verb]
(to decide)
-
момент
[noun]
(moment)
-
директор
[noun]
(director)
-
орган
[noun]
(organ, agency)
-
история
[noun]
(story)
-
руководитель
[noun]
(manager)
-
строительство
[noun]
(construction)
-
мой
[pronoun]
(my)
-
итог
[noun]
(total)
-
ход
[noun]
(movement)
-
делать
[verb]
(to do)
-
настоящий
[adjective]
(real)
-
встреча
[noun]
(meeting)
-
создать
[verb]
(to create)
-
бизнес
[noun]
(business)
The term “бизнес” is a Russian noun that refers to business or commerce. It is a loanword borrowed from English, and it has become an important part of the Russian language, particularly in the context of economics, trade, and entrepreneurship.
-
среди
[preposition]
(among)
-
количество
[noun]
(amount)
-
которой
[pronoun]
(which)
-
перед
[preposition]
(before)
-
меня
[pronoun]
(me)
-
военный
[adjective]
(military)
-
образ
[noun]
(image)
-
тогда
[adverb]
(then)
-
час
[noun]
(hour)
-
действие
[noun]
(action)
-
лидер
[noun]
(leader)
-
газета
[noun]
(newspaper)
The Russian word “газета” (gazeta) means “newspaper” in English. It is derived from the French word “gazette”. Today, the term “газета” is commonly used to refer to any printed or online publication that provides news and information on a regular basis.
-
потому
[adverb]
(consequently)
-
экономический
[adjective]
(economic)
-
агентство
[noun]
(agency)
-
любой
[determiner]
(any)
-
деятельность
[noun]
(activity)
-
автомобиль
[noun]
(automobile)
-
безопасность
[noun]
(safety)
-
октябрь
[noun]
(october)
-
срок
[noun]
(term)
-
социальный
[adjective]
(social)
-
дать
[verb]
(to give)
This Russian verb has the same origin as the Sanskrit word “दान” (dana) - they are cognates. For more words that are similar between these two languages, see this comparison of Sanskrit and Russian.
-
цель
[noun]
(goal)
-
сентябрь
[noun]
(September)
-
надо
[preposition]
-
установить
[verb]
(to install)
-
рост
[noun]
(growth)
-
стоить
[verb]
(to cost)
-
женщина
[noun]
(woman)
This word has the same origin as the term “жена” (meaning “wife”) which appears further down in this list of the most frequent Russian terms.
-
мера
[noun]
(measure)
-
найти
[verb]
(to find)
-
напомнить
[verb]
(to remind)
-
американский
[adjective]
(american)
-
остаться
[verb]
(to stay)
-
причина
[noun]
(cause)
-
городской
[adjective]
(urban)
The Russian word “городской” (gorodskoy) means “urban” or “city” in English. It is an adjective that describes something related to a city or urban area. For example, “городской транспорт” (gorodskoy transport) means “city transportation,” and “городская жизнь” (gorodskaya zhizn) means “urban life.”
-
война
[noun]
(war)
-
близкий
[adjective]
(close)
-
вода
[noun]
(water)
-
хотя
[conjunction]
(although)
-
русский
[adjective]
(russian)
-
московский
[adjective]
(moscow)
The word “московский” (moskovskiy) is a common Russian word because it is the adjective form of “Москва” (Moskva), which is the capital and largest city of Russia. As an adjective, “московский” is used to describe anything related to Moscow, such as, for example, “московский университет” (Moscow University).
-
улица
[noun]
(street)
This Russian word is related to the Polish word “ulica” and the Czech word “ulice”.
-
май
[noun]
(May)
-
рамка
[noun]
(frame)
-
составлять
[verb]
(to make up)
-
много
[adverb]
(a lot of)
-
производство
[noun]
(production)
-
специалист
[noun]
(specialist)
-
процесс
[noun]
(process)
-
почти
[adverb]
(nearly)
-
услуга
[noun]
(service)
-
выйти
[verb]
(to go out)
-
появиться
[verb]
(to appear)
-
период
[noun]
(period)
-
поддержка
[noun]
(support)
-
член
[noun]
(article)
-
ведь
[interjection]
(after all)
-
план
[noun]
(plan)
-
семья
[noun]
(family)
-
журналист
[noun]
(journalist)
-
погибнуть
[verb]
(to perish)
-
официальный
[adjective]
(official)
-
чемпионат
[noun]
(championship)
-
эксперт
[noun]
(expert)
-
председатель
[noun]
(chairman)
-
январь
[noun]
(January)
-
объём
[noun]
(volume)
-
проведение
[noun]
-
например
[adverb]
(for example)
-
вместе
[adverb]
(together)
-
дорога
[noun]
(road)
-
декабрь
[noun]
(December)
-
сеть
[noun]
(net)
-
представить
[verb]
(to present)
-
интернет
[noun]
(the Internet)
-
проходить
[verb]
(to pass)
-
сумма
[noun]
(sum)
-
ряд
[noun]
(row)
-
победа
[noun]
(victory)
-
федеральный
[adjective]
(federal)
-
бюджет
[noun]
(budget)
-
жить
[verb]
(to live)
-
состояние
[noun]
(condition)
-
уголовный
[adjective]
(criminal)
-
ноябрь
[noun]
(november)
-
фонд
[noun]
(fund)
-
заявление
[noun]
(statement)
-
политика
[noun]
(politics)
-
бывший
[adjective]
(former)
-
июль
[noun]
(july)
-
над
[preposition]
(above)
-
август
[noun]
(August)
-
одной
[numeral]
(one)
-
машина
[noun]
(car)
-
заседание
[noun]
(meeting)
-
имя
[noun]
(name)
The Russian word “имя” has the same Slavic origin as the words “imię” in Polish and “jméno” in Czech.
-
связать
[verb]
(to tie)
-
писать
[verb]
(to write)
-
март
[noun]
(march)
-
готовый
[adjective]
(ready)
-
назад
[adverb]
(back)
-
очередь
[noun]
(turn)
-
экономика
[noun]
(economy)
-
использовать
[verb]
(to use)
-
население
[noun]
(population)
-
апрель
[noun]
(april)
-
третий
[adjective]
(third)
-
июнь
[noun]
(June)
-
администрация
[noun]
(administration)
-
мировой
[adjective]
(world)
“Мировой” (mirovoy) is a common Russian word because it is the adjectival form of “мир” (mir), which means “world” or “peace”. One of the primary meanings of “мировой” is “world” or “global”, as in the example “мировая экономика” (mirovaya ekonomika) which means “world economy”, and “мировое сообщество” (mirovoye soobshchestvo) which means “world community”.
-
создание
[noun]
(creation)
-
пять
[numeral]
(five)
-
образование
[noun]
(education, formation)
-
следующий
[adjective]
(next)
-
народ
[noun]
(people)
-
продажа
[noun]
(sale)
-
внимание
[noun]
(attention)
-
четыре
[numeral]
(four)
-
столица
[noun]
(capital)
-
движение
[noun]
(traffic)
-
мероприятие
[noun]
(event)
-
министерство
[noun]
(ministry)
-
общественный
[adjective]
(public)
-
сообщение
[noun]
(message)
-
всегда
[adverb]
(always)
-
действовать
[verb]
(act)
-
состав
[noun]
(composition)
-
одного
[numeral]
(one)
-
объект
[noun]
(object)
-
европейский
[adjective]
(european)
-
другие
[adjective]
(other)
-
стоимость
[noun]
(price)
-
тоже
[adverb]
(too)
-
многие
[adjective]
(many)
-
отмечать
[verb]
(to note)
-
прийти
[verb]
(to come)
-
разный
[adjective]
(different)
-
фильм
[noun]
(movie)
-
рука
[noun]
(hand)
-
площадь
[noun]
(space)
-
финансовый
[adjective]
(financial)
-
течение
[noun]
(flow)
-
ничто
[pronoun]
(nothing)
-
руководство
[noun]
(leadership)
The root of this Russian word is the verb “руководить” which means “to lead”. That verb is also the root of another term in this vocabulary list: the word “руководитель” (which means “manager”)
-
заниматься
[verb]
(to study)
-
комиссия
[noun]
(commission)
-
согласно
[preposition]
(according to)
-
удаться
[verb]
(to succeed)
-
менее
[adverb]
(less)
-
земля
[noun]
(earth)
-
изменение
[noun]
(change)
-
факт
[noun]
(fact)
-
собственный
[adjective]
(one's own)
-
среда
[noun]
(Wednesday)
-
видеть
[verb]
(to see)
-
думать
[verb]
(to think)
-
начаться
[verb]
(to start)
-
здание
[noun]
(building)
-
оставаться
[verb]
(to stay)
-
сборная
[noun]
(national team)
In the context of sports, the word “сборная” refers to a national team that represents a country in international competitions, such as the Olympics or the World Cup. For example, “сборная России по футболу” (sbornaya Rossii po futbolu) means “Russian national football team”.
-
газ
[noun]
(gas)
-
источник
[noun]
(source)
-
общество
[noun]
(society)
-
никто
[pronoun]
(no one)
-
статья
[noun]
(article)
-
возможный
[adjective]
(possible)
-
мужчина
[noun]
(man)
-
подобный
[adjective]
(like)
-
конкурс
[noun]
(competition)
-
размер
[noun]
(size)
-
молодой
[adjective]
(young)
-
либо
[conjunction]
-
полный
[adjective]
(full)
-
версия
[noun]
(version)
-
да
[particle]
-
друг
[noun]
(friend)
-
комитет
[noun]
(committee)
-
современный
[adjective]
(modern)
-
клуб
[noun]
(club)
-
путь
[noun]
(path)
-
задержать
[verb]
(to detain)
-
миллиард
[numeral]
(billion)
-
давать
[verb]
(to give)
-
борьба
[noun]
(struggle)
-
большинство
[noun]
(majority)
The root of this Russian word is the term “больше” which means “more”.
-
край
[noun]
(edge)
-
подчеркнуть
[verb]
(to emphasize)
-
сам
[pronoun]
-
квартира
[noun]
(flat)
-
материал
[noun]
(material)
-
конечно
[adverb]
(certainly)
-
показать
[verb]
(to show)
-
интерес
[noun]
(interest)
-
событие
[noun]
(event)
-
проводить
[verb]
(to conduct)
-
процент
[noun]
(percent)
-
назвать
[verb]
(to name)
-
задача
[noun]
(problem)
-
принимать
[verb]
(to accept)
-
культура
[noun]
(culture)
-
союз
[noun]
(union)
-
тема
[noun]
(topic)
-
рабочий
[adjective]
(worker)
-
частность
[noun]
(particular)
-
сфера
[noun]
(sphere)
-
сразу
[adverb]
(at once)
-
пора
[noun]
(time)
-
передавать
[verb]
(to transmit)
-
существовать
[verb]
(to exist)
-
потом
[adverb]
(afterwards)
-
губернатор
[noun]
(governor)
-
направить
[verb]
(to direct)
-
договор
[noun]
(treaty)
-
пытаться
[verb]
(to try)
-
никакой
[pronoun]
(no)
-
взять
[verb]
(to take)
-
заместитель
[noun]
(deputy)
-
участок
[noun]
(plot)
-
язык
[noun]
(language)
The word “язык” (yazyk) is a common Russian word because it describes one of the most important means of communication - language. Here are some examples of the use of this word: “русский язык” (russkiy yazyk) means “Russian language,” and “иностранный язык” (inostrannyy yazyk) means “foreign language”.
-
ночь
[noun]
(night)
-
режим
[noun]
(regime)
-
нарушение
[noun]
(violation)
-
советский
[adjective]
(soviet)
-
правило
[noun]
(rule)
-
предложить
[verb]
(to suggest)
-
называть
[verb]
(to call)
-
февраль
[noun]
(february)
-
ваш
[pronoun]
(your)
-
конференция
[noun]
(conference)
-
открыть
[verb]
(to open)
-
почему
[adverb]
(why)
-
технология
[noun]
(technology)
-
сотрудничество
[noun]
(cooperation)
-
детский
[adjective]
(children's)
-
которое
[pronoun]
(which)
-
средний
[adjective]
(medium)
-
предложение
[noun]
(suggestion)
-
объявить
[verb]
(to announce)
-
поскольку
[conjunction]
(since)
-
прийтись
[verb]
(to have to)
-
вести
[verb]
(to lead)
-
позиция
[noun]
(position)
-
порядок
[noun]
(order)
-
мэр
[noun]
(mayor)
-
региональный
[adjective]
(regional)
-
книга
[noun]
(book)
Russia has an extensive literary tradition, with world-famous writers like Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Anton Chekhov. It is therefore not surprising that the Russian word “книга” (which means “book”) is a widely used term.
-
единый
[adjective]
(single)
-
получать
[verb]
(to receive)
-
пункт
[noun]
(point)
-
позволить
[verb]
(to allow)
-
требование
[noun]
(request)
-
база
[noun]
(base)
-
минута
[noun]
(minute)
-
продукт
[noun]
(product)
-
пожар
[noun]
(fire)
-
различный
[adjective]
(different)
-
защита
[noun]
(protection)
-
направление
[noun]
(direction)
-
признать
[verb]
(to recognize)
-
нынешний
[adjective]
(present)
-
привести
[verb]
(to lead)
-
полиция
[noun]
(police)
-
налоговый
[adjective]
(tax)
-
помочь
[verb]
(to help)
The Russian word “помочь” has the same Slavic origin as the Czech word “pomoc”.
-
милиция
[noun]
(militia)
-
происходить
[verb]
(to take place)
-
областной
[adjective]
(regional)
-
парламент
[noun]
(parliament)
-
чиновник
[noun]
(official)
-
фото
[noun]
(photo)
-
соглашение
[noun]
(agreement)
-
свобода
[noun]
(freedom)
-
внутренний
[adjective]
(interior)
-
предлагать
[verb]
(to offer)
-
список
[noun]
(list)
-
котором
[pronoun]
(which)
-
специальный
[adjective]
(special)
-
евро
[noun]
(euro)
-
следовать
[verb]
(to follow)
-
другой
[determiner]
(another)
-
речь
[noun]
(speech)
-
центральный
[adjective]
(central)
-
сложный
[adjective]
(complicated)
-
автор
[noun]
(author)
-
иностранный
[adjective]
(foreign)
-
учёный
[noun]
(scientist)
-
вообще
[adverb]
(generally)
-
германия
[noun]
(Germany)
-
самолёт
[noun]
(airplane)
-
подписать
[verb]
(to sign)
-
спорт
[noun]
(sport)
-
нефть
[noun]
(oil)
-
касаться
[verb]
(to touch)
-
пойти
[verb]
(to go)
-
исследование
[noun]
(study)
-
серьёзный
[adjective]
(serious)
-
пост
[noun]
(fast)
-
комплекс
[noun]
(complex)
-
правда
[noun]
(truth)
-
сильный
[adjective]
(strong)
-
южный
[adjective]
(southern)
-
продукция
[noun]
(production)
-
роль
[noun]
(role)
-
налог
[noun]
(tax)
-
затем
[adverb]
(then)
-
начальник
[noun]
(chief)
-
федерация
[noun]
(federation)
-
вечер
[noun]
(evening)
This Russian word is similar to the Croatian word “večer”. For more similar words between these two Slavic languages, see this linguistic comparison of Croatian and Russian.
-
понимать
[verb]
(to understand)
-
продолжать
[verb]
(to continue)
-
реализация
[noun]
(implementation)
-
прокуратура
[noun]
(prosecutor's office)
-
которую
[pronoun]
(which)
-
выступать
[verb]
(to protrude)
-
проверка
[noun]
(verification)
-
тут
[adverb]
(here)
-
преступление
[noun]
(crime)
-
позволять
[verb]
(to allow)
-
планировать
[verb]
(to plan)
-
одна
[numeral]
(one)
-
понедельник
[noun]
(Monday)
-
одним
[numeral]
(one)
-
требовать
[verb]
(to demand)
-
народный
[adjective]
(national, popular)
-
курс
[noun]
(course)
-
завод
[noun]
(factory)
-
интересный
[adjective]
(interesting)
-
операция
[noun]
(operation)
-
представлять
[verb]
(to represent, to introduce)
-
товар
[noun]
(product)
-
практически
[adverb]
(practically)
-
контроль
[noun]
(control)
-
вас
[pronoun]
(you)
-
зона
[noun]
(zone)
-
использование
[noun]
(usage)
-
ждать
[verb]
(to wait)
-
форма
[noun]
(form)
-
метр
[noun]
(meter)
-
идея
[noun]
(idea)
-
играть
[verb]
(to play)
-
оценка
[noun]
(appraisal)
-
кандидат
[noun]
(candidate)
-
доход
[noun]
(income)
-
увидеть
[verb]
(to see)
-
пример
[noun]
(example)
-
ответ
[noun]
(answer)
-
институт
[noun]
(institute)
-
водитель
[noun]
(driver)
-
врач
[noun]
(doctor)
-
подготовка
[noun]
(preparation)
-
кредит
[noun]
(credit)
-
попасть
[verb]
(to get)
-
клиент
[noun]
(client)
-
сезон
[noun]
(season)
-
особенно
[adverb]
(especially)
-
граница
[noun]
(border)
-
вырасти
[verb]
(to grow)
-
гость
[noun]
(guest)
-
фестиваль
[noun]
(festival)
-
ответственность
[noun]
(responsibility)
-
начинать
[verb]
(to start)
-
точка
[noun]
(dot)
-
медицинский
[adjective]
(medical)
-
этап
[noun]
(stage)
-
малый
[adjective]
(small)
-
обнаружить
[verb]
(to discover)
-
утро
[noun]
(morning)
-
основа
[noun]
(foundation)
-
полностью
[adverb]
(fully)
-
больница
[noun]
(hospital)
-
дополнительный
[adjective]
(additional)
-
очередной
[adjective]
(next)
-
благодаря
[preposition]
(thanks to)
-
поставить
[verb]
(to put)
-
работник
[noun]
(employee)
-
повод
[noun]
(occasion)
-
ним
[pronoun]
-
вторник
[noun]
(Tuesday)
-
праздник
[noun]
(holiday)
-
опубликовать
[verb]
(to publish)
-
занять
[verb]
-
должность
[noun]
(position)
-
обратиться
[verb]
-
модель
[noun]
(model)
-
опыт
[noun]
(experience)
-
кризис
[noun]
(crisis)
-
показатель
[noun]
(index)
-
отказаться
[verb]
(to refuse)
-
россиянин
[noun]
(Russian)
-
сей
[determiner]
(this)
-
частный
[adjective]
(private)
-
магазин
[noun]
(shop)
-
северный
[adjective]
(northern)
-
пятница
[noun]
(Friday)
-
класс
[noun]
(class)
-
построить
[verb]
(to build)
-
организовать
[verb]
(organize)
-
труд
[noun]
(work)
-
ведомство
[noun]
(department)
-
впервые
[adverb]
(for the first time)
-
участвовать
[verb]
(to participate)
-
входить
[verb]
(to enter)
-
особый
[adjective]
(special)
-
издание
[noun]
(publication)
-
выставка
[noun]
(exposition)
The Russian word “выставка” (vystavka) is used to describe an exhibition or exposition. For example, “художественная выставка” (khudozhestvennaya vystavka) means “art exhibition”. The term “Выставка” comes from the Russian verb “выставлять” (vystavlyat'), which means “to exhibit” or “to display”.
-
четверг
[noun]
(Thursday)
-
старый
[adjective]
(old)
-
технический
[adjective]
(technical)
-
генеральный
[adjective]
(general)
-
тонна
[noun]
(a metric ton)
-
торговый
[adjective]
(trade)
-
простой
[adjective]
(simple)
-
достигнуть
[verb]
(to reach)
-
голова
[noun]
(head)
-
родитель
[noun]
(parent)
-
открытие
[noun]
(opening)
-
написать
[verb]
(to write)
-
театр
[noun]
(theatre)
-
возраст
[noun]
(age)
-
великий
[adjective]
(big)
-
турнир
[noun]
(tournament)
-
повышение
[noun]
(promotion)
-
телефон
[noun]
(telephone)
-
личный
[adjective]
(personal)
-
наиболее
[adverb]
(most)
-
шесть
[numeral]
(six)
-
будущее
[noun]
(the future)
-
текущий
[adjective]
(current)
-
половина
[noun]
(half)
-
вернуться
[verb]
(to return)
-
сравнение
[noun]
(comparison)
-
соответствующий
[adjective]
(corresponding)
-
положение
[noun]
(position)
-
ты
[pronoun]
(you)
-
вызвать
[verb]
(to call)
-
огромный
[adjective]
(huge)
-
утверждать
[verb]
(to claim, to assert)
-
низкий
[adjective]
(low)
-
занимать
[verb]
(to occupy)
-
понять
[verb]
(to understand)
-
тренер
[noun]
(trainer)
-
западный
[adjective]
(west)
-
становиться
[verb]
(to become)
-
которым
[pronoun]
(which)
-
музей
[noun]
(museum)
There are several famous museums in Russia, such as the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg and the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. That could explain the common use of the Russian word “музей” (which means “museum”).
-
выступить
[verb]
-
доля
[noun]
(share)
-
век
[noun]
(century)
-
партнёр
[noun]
(partner)
-
сегодняшний
[adjective]
(today's)
-
следствие
[noun]
(consequence)
-
учёт
[noun]
-
проводиться
[verb]
(to be carried out)
-
обеспечение
[noun]
(security)
-
казаться
[verb]
(to seem)
-
станция
[noun]
(station)
-
учреждение
[noun]
(institution)
-
университет
[noun]
(university)
The Russian word “университет” (universitet) means “university,” and it is derived from the Latin word “universitas”. Some of the major universities in Russia include Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, and Novosibirsk State University.
-
название
[noun]
(title)
-
спортивный
[adjective]
(sports)
-
оба
[numeral]
(both)
-
оно
[pronoun]
(it)
-
конфликт
[noun]
(conflict)
-
единственный
[adjective]
(only)
-
письмо
[noun]
(letter)
-
аэропорт
[noun]
(airport)
-
необходимость
[noun]
(need)
-
память
[noun]
(memory)
-
игрок
[noun]
(player)
-
данные
[noun]
(data)
-
небольшой
[adjective]
(small)
This word has two synonyms that appear in this Russian vocabulary list: these are “малый” and “маленький”.
-
голос
[noun]
(voice)
-
законодательство
[noun]
(legislation)
-
никогда
[adverb]
(never)
-
структура
[noun]
(structure)
-
площадка
[noun]
(area)
-
дальнейший
[adjective]
(further)
-
меньше
[adjective]
-
отвечать
[verb]
(to reply)
-
действительно
[adverb]
(really)
-
здоровье
[noun]
(health)
-
корреспондент
[noun]
(correspondent)
-
отдел
[noun]
(department)
-
тур
[noun]
(tour)
-
массовый
[adjective]
(mass)
-
ну
[interjection]
(well)
-
производитель
[noun]
(manufacturer)
-
посвятить
[verb]
(to dedicate)
-
реальный
[adjective]
(real)
-
совсем
[adverb]
(at all)
-
расследование
[noun]
(investigation)
-
зал
[noun]
(hall)
-
устройство
[noun]
(device, system, arrangement)
-
тяжёлый
[adjective]
(heavy)
-
судебный
[adjective]
(judicial)
-
совершить
[verb]
(to commit)
-
пострадать
[verb]
(to suffer)
-
информационный
[adjective]
(informational)
-
техника
[noun]
(technology)
-
про
[preposition]
(about)
-
передать
[verb]
(to hand over)
-
номер
[noun]
(number)
-
карта
[noun]
(map)
-
нельзя
[predicative]
(it is forbidden)
-
примерно
[adverb]
(about)
-
визит
[noun]
(visit)
-
транспорт
[noun]
(transport)
-
надеяться
[verb]
(to hope)
-
округ
[noun]
(district)
-
выход
[noun]
(exit)
-
верховный
[adjective]
(supreme)
-
раньше
[adverb]
(before)
-
франция
[noun]
(France)
-
вариант
[noun]
(option)
-
получение
[noun]
(acquisition)
-
расход
[noun]
(expenditure)
-
сообщаться
[verb]
(to communicate)
-
жильё
[noun]
(housing)
-
совместный
[adjective]
(joint)
-
собираться
[verb]
(to gather)
-
гражданский
[adjective]
(civil)
-
обеспечить
[verb]
(to ensure)
-
пользователь
[noun]
(user)
This Russian word comes from the verb “пользоваться” which means “to use”. The suffix “-тель” forms a noun referring to the performer of the action defined by the verb.
-
поставка
[noun]
(supply)
-
отечественный
[adjective]
-
отдельный
[adjective]
(separate)
-
давно
[adverb]
-
предприниматель
[noun]
(entrepreneur)
-
успех
[noun]
(success)
-
форум
[noun]
(forum)
-
открытый
[adjective]
(open)
-
плохой
[adjective]
(bad)
-
транспортный
[adjective]
(transport)
-
пассажир
[noun]
(passenger)
-
оборудование
[noun]
(equipment)
-
ставка
[noun]
(stake)
-
ремонт
[noun]
(repair)
-
уйти
[verb]
(to leave)
-
взрыв
[noun]
(explosion)
-
ещё
[adverb]
(yet)
-
прежде
[adverb]
(before)
-
глаз
[noun]
(eye)
-
отделение
[noun]
(department)
-
коллега
[noun]
(colleague)
-
реформа
[noun]
(reform)
-
целое
[noun]
(the whole)
-
инициатива
[noun]
(initiative)
-
ввести
[verb]
(to introduce, to enter)
-
угроза
[noun]
(threat)
-
студент
[noun]
(student)
-
ожидать
[verb]
(to expect)
-
поступить
[verb]
(to act)
-
футбол
[noun]
(football)
-
контракт
[noun]
(contract)
-
наука
[noun]
(science)
-
электронный
[adjective]
(electronic)
-
назначить
[verb]
(to appoint)
-
село
[noun]
(village)
-
лето
[noun]
(summer)
-
всё
[pronoun]
(all)
-
линия
[noun]
(line)
-
законопроект
[noun]
(bill)
-
избрать
[verb]
(to elect)
-
рассказывать
[verb]
(to tell)
-
немецкий
[adjective]
(German)
-
войти
[verb]
(to enter)
-
красный
[adjective]
(red)
The Russian word “красный” comes from the same Slavic root as the Czech word “krásný”, but the latter means “beautiful”.
-
разработка
[noun]
(development)
-
внешний
[adjective]
(external)
-
активный
[adjective]
(active)
-
хозяйство
[noun]
(economy)
-
ресурс
[noun]
(resource)
-
интервью
[noun]
(interview)
-
соответствие
[noun]
(conformity)
-
указать
[verb]
(to indicate)
-
подтвердить
[verb]
(to confirm)
-
смерть
[noun]
(death)
-
организатор
[noun]
(organizer)
-
сын
[noun]
(son)
-
поле
[noun]
(field)
-
сколько
[pronoun]
(how many)
-
попытка
[noun]
(attempt)
-
достаточно
[adverb]
(enough)
-
следственный
[adjective]
(investigative)
-
долг
[noun]
(duty)
-
снижение
[noun]
(lowering)
-
шаг
[noun]
(step)
-
хорошо
[adverb]
(well)
The Russian word “хорошо” means “good” or “well”. For example, “он хорошо говорит по русски” (on khorosho govorit po russki) means “he speaks Russian well”.
-
море
[noun]
(sea)
Russia borders several seas, including the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea. So, it makes sense that the Russian word for “sea” (“море”) is a frequently used term.
-
расти
[verb]
(to grow)
-
определённый
[adjective]
(definite)
-
впрочем
[adverb]
(however)
-
лига
[noun]
(league)
-
девушка
[noun]
(girl)
-
ответить
[verb]
(to reply)
-
самый
[pronoun]
-
часто
[adverb]
(often)
-
поддерживать
[verb]
(to support)
-
армия
[noun]
(army)
-
зарплата
[noun]
(salary)
-
километр
[noun]
(kilometer)
-
подать
[verb]
-
накануне
[adverb]
(the day before)
-
герой
[noun]
(hero)
-
равный
[adjective]
(equal)
-
десять
[numeral]
(ten)
-
владелец
[noun]
(owner)
-
профессиональный
[adjective]
(professional)
-
куда
[adverb]
(where)
-
одно
[numeral]
(one)
-
отсутствие
[noun]
(absence)
-
приходиться
[verb]
-
правоохранительный
[adjective]
(law enforcement)
-
обращение
[noun]
(circulation)
-
ссылка
[noun]
(link)
-
нем
[adjective]
-
недавно
[adverb]
(recently)
-
собрать
[verb]
(to collect)
-
департамент
[noun]
(department)
-
купить
[verb]
(to buy)
-
чемпион
[noun]
(champion)
-
принцип
[noun]
(principle)
-
закрыть
[verb]
(to close)
-
основание
[noun]
(base)
-
смотреть
[verb]
(to watch)
-
рейтинг
[noun]
(rating)
-
данный
[adjective]
(given)
-
мобильный
[adjective]
(mobile)
-
относиться
[verb]
(to treat)
-
определить
[verb]
(to define)
-
данных
[noun]
(data)
-
чёрный
[adjective]
(black)
-
политик
[noun]
(politician)
-
штат
[noun]
(state)
-
тело
[noun]
(body)
-
инвестор
[noun]
(investor)
-
белый
[adjective]
(white)
-
картина
[noun]
(painting)
-
выходить
[verb]
(to go out)
-
неизвестный
[adjective]
(unknown)
-
жертва
[noun]
(victim)
-
внести
[verb]
-
вполне
[adverb]
(quite)
-
выступление
[noun]
(performance)
-
пара
[noun]
(pair)
-
парк
[noun]
(park)
-
скорее
[adverb]
(quicker)
-
пояснить
[verb]
(to explain)
-
желать
[verb]
(to wish)
-
запад
[noun]
(west)
The Russian word “запад” (which means “west”) refers to a cardinal direction, but it also has symbolic meaning related to Western countries and Western civilization.
-
кстати
[adverb]
(by the way)
-
кампания
[noun]
(campaign)
-
восток
[noun]
(east)
This Russian word appears in the name of the city Vladivostok (Владивосток). This first part of this city name comes from the verb “владеть” which means “to own”.
-
норма
[noun]
(norm)
-
выразить
[verb]
(to express)
-
отец
[noun]
(father)
-
зарегистрировать
[verb]
(to register)
-
стоять
[verb]
(to stand)
-
выделить
[verb]
-
избирательный
[adjective]
(selective)
-
турист
[noun]
(tourist)
-
воскресение
[noun]
(resurrection)
-
передача
[noun]
(transmission)
-
одном
[numeral]
(one)
-
принадлежать
[verb]
(to belong)
-
суббота
[noun]
(Saturday)
-
приехать
[verb]
(to come)
-
торговля
[noun]
(trade)
-
значить
[verb]
(to mean)
-
вывод
[noun]
(conclusion)
-
оппозиция
[noun]
(opposition)
-
канал
[noun]
(channel)
-
возбудить
[verb]
(to excite)
-
помещение
[noun]
(room)
-
обвинение
[noun]
(accusation)
-
желание
[noun]
(wish)
-
семь
[numeral]
(seven)
-
любить
[verb]
(to love)
-
столичный
[adjective]
(metropolitan)
-
оборона
[noun]
(defense)
-
создавать
[verb]
(to create)
-
вновь
[adverb]
(again)
-
возможно
[adverb]
(perhaps)
-
адвокат
[noun]
(advocate)
-
исторический
[adjective]
(historical)
-
победитель
[noun]
(winner)
This Russian word comes from the verb “победить” which means “to win”. The addition of the suffix “-тель” forms a noun referring to the performer of the action defined by the verb.
-
заметить
[verb]
(to notice)
-
выполнить
[verb]
(to perform, to carry out)
-
восточный
[adjective]
(oriental)
-
прямой
[adjective]
(straight)
-
предоставить
[verb]
-
помимо
[preposition]
(besides)
-
маленький
[adjective]
(small)
-
увеличение
[noun]
(increase)
-
видео
[noun]
(video)
-
секретарь
[noun]
(secretary)
-
помогать
[verb]
(to help)
-
соревнование
[noun]
(competition)
-
выбрать
[verb]
(to choose)
-
способ
[noun]
(way)
-
оставить
[verb]
(to leave)
-
ядерный
[adjective]
(nuclear)
-
свет
[noun]
(light)
-
олимпийский
[adjective]
(olympic)
-
способный
[adjective]
(capable)
-
учебный
[adjective]
(training)
-
десяток
[noun]
(ten)
-
авария
[noun]
(accident)
-
популярный
[adjective]
(popular)
-
предварительный
[adjective]
(preliminary)
-
разработать
[verb]
(to develop)
-
целый
[adjective]
(whole)
-
пользоваться
[verb]
(to use, to enjoy)
-
автобус
[noun]
(bus)
-
смысл
[noun]
(meaning)
-
адрес
[noun]
(address)
-
будущий
[adjective]
(future)
-
серия
[noun]
(series)
-
сделка
[noun]
(deal)
-
взгляд
[noun]
(a view)
-
вещь
[noun]
(thing)
-
административный
[adjective]
(administrative)
-
надежда
[noun]
(hope)
-
заявлять
[verb]
(to declare)
-
перспектива
[noun]
(perspective)
-
практика
[noun]
(practice)
-
сыграть
[verb]
(to play)
-
фирма
[noun]
(firm)
-
собрание
[noun]
(meeting)
-
увеличить
[verb]
(to increase)
-
старший
[adjective]
(older)
-
просить
[verb]
(to ask, to beg)
-
телеканал
[noun]
(television channel)
-
посёлок
[noun]
(village)
-
имущество
[noun]
(property)
-
британский
[adjective]
(british)
-
предыдущий
[adjective]
(previous)
-
памятник
[noun]
(monument)
-
обычный
[adjective]
(customary)
-
предстоять
[verb]
-
судья
[noun]
(referee)
-
реклама
[noun]
(advertising)
-
рада
[noun]
(glad)
-
физический
[adjective]
(physical)
-
торг
[noun]
(bargain)
-
привлечь
[verb]
(to attract)
-
вчера
[adverb]
(yesterday)
This Russian word is similar to the Slovak word “včera”. For more similar words between these two Slavic languages, see this linguistic comparison of Slovak and Russian.
-
искусство
[noun]
(art)
-
научный
[adjective]
(scientific)
The importance of science in Russia is reflected in examples like Sputnik (the first satellite) and Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who conceived the Periodic Table of Elements. The frequent use word the Russian word “научный” (which means “scientific”) reflects this importance.
-
узнать
[verb]
(to learn, to know)
-
платить
[verb]
(to pay)
-
выиграть
[verb]
(to win)
The Russian word “выиграть” (vyigrat') comes from the prefix “вы-” (vy-), which can be translated as “out” or “away”, and the verb “играть” (igrat') which means “to play”. When combined, “выиграть” literally means “to play out” or “to play away” and is used to describe the act of winning in a game, contest, or competition.
-
инвестиция
[noun]
(investment)
-
обещать
[verb]
(to promise)
-
двое
[numeral]
(two)
-
сбор
[noun]
(collection)
-
поддержать
[verb]
(to support)
-
снять
[verb]
(to take off)
-
завершить
[verb]
(to complete)
-
покупка
[noun]
(purchase)
-
судно
[noun]
(vessel)
-
заключение
[noun]
(conclusion)
-
отрасль
[noun]
(field)
-
считаться
[verb]
(to reckon)
-
китайский
[adjective]
(chinese)
-
приобрести
[verb]
(to purchase)
-
посмотреть
[verb]
(to look)
-
лёгкий
[adjective]
(light)
-
высоко
[adjective]
(high)
-
возникнуть
[verb]
(to arise)
-
зрение
[noun]
(vision)
-
значительный
[adjective]
(significant)
-
животное
[noun]
(animal)
-
сектор
[noun]
(sector)
-
невозможный
[adjective]
(impossible)
-
вместо
[preposition]
(instead of)
-
прибыть
[verb]
(to arrive)
-
финансирование
[noun]
(financing)
-
быстро
[adverb]
(fast)
-
лес
[noun]
(forest)
The frequent use of the Russian word “лес” (which means “forest”) makes sense given Russia’s large forests, which include the taiga, a dense forest that covers much of Siberia, and the Komi Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
-
отставка
[noun]
(resignation)
-
кодекс
[noun]
(code)
-
премия
[noun]
(premium)
-
хотеться
[verb]
(to want)
-
намерен
[adjective]
(intending)
-
молодёжь
[noun]
(youth)
-
слишком
[adverb]
(too much)
-
квартал
[noun]
(quarter)
-
статус
[noun]
(status)
-
вокруг
[preposition]
(around)
-
мать
[noun]
(mother)
-
песня
[noun]
(song)
-
посетить
[verb]
(to visit)
-
незаконный
[adjective]
(illegal)
In the Russian language, the word “незаконный” is used to describe something that is illegal or unlawful. It is an adjective that is formed by adding a negative prefix “не-” to the word “законный” which means “legal”.
-
заключить
[verb]
(to conclude)
-
концерт
[noun]
(concert)
-
жена
[noun]
(wife)
-
зритель
[noun]
(viewer)
This word is related to the term “зрение” meaning “vision” which appears higher up in this list of the 1000 most common Russian words.
-
запретить
[verb]
(to ban)